Changes

==Expansion of Intellectual Property Laws==

==Expansion of Intellectual Property Laws==

Copyright and Patent Laws was expanded during the 19th century. In 1853, Harriet Beecher Stowe alleged that a German translation of her book, Uncle Tom's Cabin is an infringement of her copyright. Her claim was rejected by Federal Circuit Court and cited that, "a translation may, in loose phraseology, be called a transcript or copy of her thoughts or conceptions, but in no correct sense can it be called a copy of her book". This decision was strongly attacked during the late part of 19th century, which prompted the Congress to encourage the court to reverse its decision and accept the concept that the "work" protected by copyright include the substance not just the mere form, which means than translation in any language is a violation of copyright since no new substance was created in the work.<ref>

Copyright and Patent Law was expanded during the 19th and 20ths centuries. Over the years, many new types of intellectual property were allowed to be copyrighted, including industrial designs, photography, asexually propagated plants, surgical procedures, computer software, and architectural works.

[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/property99/history.html Growth of Intellectual Property]</ref> 

Meanwhile, in 1842, the patent statute was expanded by Congress when Industrial Designs were added. In 1930, the Patent Protection Act was enacted to protect new varieties for asexually propagated plants.<ref>[http://www.ciopora.org/fileadmin/assets/pageDownloads/2010/Breeders_Meeting_USA/James_Housel_-_Developments_in_Plants_and_Patents.pdf Patent Protection Act of 1930]</ref>

An amendment to the Federal Copyright Law was enacted on March 4, 1909 known as the '''Copyright Act of 1909''' which further added the list of copyrighted materials, extended the 28 year copyright term to be renewable for another 28 years, copyright infringement and penalties as well as foreign authors granting reciprocal rights to United States citizens by either agreement, convention or treaty and international agreements.<ref>[http://jessefeder.com/copyright/docs/3-4-1909.pdf Copyright Act of 1909]</ref> This act was superseded by the''' Copyright Act of 1976''' also known as Title 17 of the United States Code, which became the primary basis of the United States copyright law; it was enacted to address the issues of intellectual property due to the advancement of technology and the introduction of new form of communication such as radio, television and computer.<ref>[http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#102 Copyright Act of 1976]</ref>

In 1853, Harriet Beecher Stowe alleged that a German translation of her book ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' was an infringement of her copyright. Her claim was rejected by Federal Circuit Court and cited that, "a translation may, in loose phraseology, be called a transcript or copy of her thoughts or conceptions, but in no correct sense can it be called a copy of her book." This decision was strongly attacked during the late part of 19th century, which prompted Congress to encourage the court to reverse its decision and accept the concept that the "work" protected by copyright included the substance and not just the form, meaning that a translation in any language is a violation of copyright, given that no new substance was created in the work.<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/property99/history.html Growth of Intellectual Property]</ref>

Another law that was enacted for the protection Intellectual Property was the '''Lanham Act of 1946''', which governs the trademark law of the United States and clearly cited the prohibition of trademark infringement, trademark dilution and false advertising.<ref>[http://www.bitlaw.com/source/15usc/ The Lanham Act of 1946]</ref>

 

Another law that was enacted for the protection Intellectual Property was the Lanham Act of 1946, which clearly cited the prohibition of trademark infringement, trademark dilution, and false advertising.<ref>[http://www.bitlaw.com/source/15usc/ The Lanham Act of 1946]</ref>

==Treaties on Intellectual Property==

==Treaties on Intellectual Property==