Difference between revisions of "Bill Clinton"
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| − | '''William Jefferson | + | '''William Jefferson Bill Clinton''' born William Jefferson Blythe III was the 42nd President and the third youngest President of the United States of America. He is married to former Senator and current Secretary of State '''Hillary Rodham Clinton''' and their only child is Chelsea Victoria. |
| + | |||
| + | Clinton's administration is responsible for the initiatives and directives that helped to establish the [[Internet]] as it is today along with [[ICANN]] and the [[Domain Name System]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Early Life== | ||
| + | President Bill Clinton was born in Hope, Arkansas on August 19, 1946. He was named after his father William Jefferson Blythe II, who died in a car accident before Bill was born. His mother, Virginia Cassidy Blythe, was a nurse and re-married to an automobile salesman, Roger Clinton. Bill decided to legally change his surname from Blythe to Clinton when he was a teenager. During his senior year in high school, Bill was among the students chosen to participate in the Boys Nation, a special youth leadership conference in Washington D.C., and meet President John F. Kennedy at the White House. Meeting President Kennedy was one of his most important and memorable experiences and it served as an inspiration for him to become President of the United States and serve his countrymen. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. also inspired Bill, particularly his "I Have a Dream" speech. Clinton considers Dr. King as one of his heroes.<ref>[http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OP/html/Hope.html Biography of the President]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Educational Background== | ||
| + | Bill Clinton graduated with a degree in Bachelor of Science in International Affairs at Georgetown University. He also studied Government at Oxford University in England after receiving a Rhodes Scholarship in 1968. After studying in England, he enrolled at Yale University where he earned his degree in Law in 1973.<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamjclinton www.whitehouse.gov]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Public Service== | ||
| + | He returned to Arkansas after graduating Law from Yale in 1973 and taught Law at Arkansas University. In 1974, Bill Clinton lost his first attempt to enter politics as a Congressman against Republican incumbent John Paul Hammerschmidt. In 1976, he became Attorney general of Arkansas. Two years later, he was elected governor and became the youngest governor in the United States. He lost his bid for his second term as governor in 1980. In 1982, he was re-elected as governor under the Democratic Party. He served as governor of Arkansas until 1993 and became chairman of the National Governor Association from 1986-1987.<ref>[http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OP/html/Hope.html Early Political Career]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | In 1991, Clinton was nominated as the Democratic Presidential candidate and selected [[Al Gore]] as his Vice-Presidential running mate. He defeated President George Bush and independent candidate Ross Perot during the 1992 presidential election and he became the 42nd President of the United States while Al Gore became 45th Vice-President. Clinton was known as the "New Democrat." In 1996, Clinton and Gore served their second term as President and Vice President of the United States. Clinton was the only president under the Democratic party who served a second term after Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt.<ref>[http://www.clintonlibrary.gov/william-j.-clinton-bio.html Presidency]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | As President Clinton enjoyed high approval ratings and succeeded in implementing progressive reforms such as improvement of the welfare system, strengthened environmental regulations, the establishment of the framework for global electronic commerce, created more jobs, succeeded in expanding international trade and peace initiatives in Africa, Middle East and he also promoted a framework for peace to end the conflict in Northern Ireland. Clinton left the White House with a budget surplus.<ref>[http://www.clintonlibrary.gov/william-j.-clinton-bio.html Domestic and International Agenda]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Internet Policy== | ||
| + | ===Framework for Global Electronic Commerce=== | ||
| + | On July 1, 1997, Pres. Clinton's Administration, through his chief policy adviser [[Ira Magaziner]], released the '''Framework for Global Electronic Commerce,''' a working paper to support private sector involvement in the development of the [[Internet]], a uniform legal code in the cyberspace and the use of the Internet as a global free-trade zone. Pres. Clinton specifically directed the [[Department of Commerce]] to privatize, increase the competition and promote international participation in the [[Domain Name System]] as well as his other cabinet secretaries to change their departments' internet regulations and policies if it does not coincide with the framework.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/cyberspace/ A New Plan for a New Digital Market]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The 5-Point Principle Supported by the Framework for Global Electronic Commerce include:<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-framework-970706 Framework for Global Electronic Commerce]</ref> | ||
| + | * The private sector must lead in the development, innovation and expansion of the internet and electronic commerce | ||
| + | * Governments should avoid undue restrictions on electronic commerce | ||
| + | * The main objective of the government is to support and enforce a predictable, minimalist, consistent and simple legal environment for commerce in the event governmental involvement is needed | ||
| + | * The unique qualities of the Internet should be recognized by governments | ||
| + | * Facilitation of Electronic Commerce over the Internet should be done on a global basis | ||
| + | |||
| + | In his speech during the ceremony at the White House President Clinton stated:<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/cyberspace/ Clinton Speech on Electronic Commerce]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | "If we establish an environment in which electronic commerce can grow and flourish, then every computer will be a window open to every business, large and small, everywhere in the world. In many ways, electronic commerce is like the Wild West of the global economy. Our task is to make sure that it's safe and stable terrain for those who wish to trade on it, and we must do so by working with other nations now while electronic commerce is still in its infancy." | ||
| + | |||
| + | In response to Pres. Clinton's directive, the Department of Commerce issued a [[RFC|Request for Comments]] on [[DNS]] administration on July 2, 1997. The RFC aimed to determine the appropriate future role of the U.S. government in the DNS by soliciting public input on issues relating to the overall framework of the DNS system, the creation of new top-level domains, policies for registrars, and trademark issues. The Department of Commerce received more than 430 comments.<ref>[http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/dnsdrft.htm www.ntia.doc.gov]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Green Paper=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | On January 30, 1998, Magaziner released the [[Green Paper]], which discusses the Proposal to Improve the Technical Management of the Internet Names and Addresses. [[NTIA|The National Telecommunications and Information Administration]] published the Green paper in the Federal Register for public comment and received more than 650 comments until the comment period ended on February 20, 1998.<ref>[http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/6_5_98dns.htm www.ntia.doc.gov]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Green Paper received strong opposition and its critics argued that the creation of NewCo or the New [[IANA]], or any new non-profit organization would be a mere front of the government's intention to retain control of the internet. Others were concerned that the proposal would lessen the roles of [[ISOC]] and [[WIPO]].<ref>[http://www.caslon.com.au/icannprofile1.htm Caslon Analytics ICANN and the UDRP]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===White Paper=== | ||
| + | Due to the negative reaction to the Green Paper, Magaziner made a revision and released the [[White Paper]], Management of the Internet Names and Addresses which include the public comments on the Green Paper and the government's official response or statement policy on the comments. It also emphasized the need for consensus among the Internet's stakeholders in the creation of a new non-profit internet corporation that will administer policies of the internet name and address system. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Establishment of ICANN=== | ||
| + | By October 1998, a decision to establish a new non-profit organization, which was to be officially called [[ICANN|Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]] was announced by NTIA. It will operate under an agreement with the [[NTIA]] with oversight from the US Congress. ICANN was officially incorporated on November 21, 1998, and it was expected to maintain competition in domain registration services, create new [[gTLD]]s, promote international participation and operate in an open and transparent manner.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/general/articles.htm ICANN Articles of Incorporation]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Clinton During the ICANN 40 Meeting== | ||
| + | Former Pres. Clinton spoke during the 40th ICANN Meeting which was held in San Francisco on March 16, 2011. During his speech, the former president described himself as "the president at the dawn of the Internet age". It was recalled that he was instrumental in enhancing internet commerce and the creation of ICANN. When he first assumed his position as President of the United States in 1993 there were only 50 websites, it grew to 36 million in 2001 when his term as President ended. | ||
| + | |||
| + | During his speech, Clinton emphasized that ICANN succeeded in its goal of improving the internet as an independent and international governing body. He also encouraged the global internet community to use their position and technology to build physical and financial infrastructure systems for poorer nations, and address the world's most pressing problems. He emphasized the need for a renewed focus on increasing jobs in the technology sector and the geopolitical implications of free internet access and urged the participants in the meeting to keep the internet young. Furthermore, Clinton said: | ||
| + | |||
| + | "We need to ask ourselves if we are forming a more perfect union across the globe. You have to be vigilant because at some point all institutions are led by people more interested in maintaining the present than creating the future."<ref>[http://allthingsd.com/20110317/egypt-al-gore-and-the-xxx-domain-bill-clinton-keynotes-icann-in-san-francisco/ Bill Clinton Speaks at ICANN 40th Meeting]</ref> | ||
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| + | ==References== | ||
| + | {{reflist}} | ||
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| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Former Government Workers]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:NGO Worker]] | ||
Revision as of 14:32, 20 May 2021
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| Country: | USA |
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William Jefferson Bill Clinton born William Jefferson Blythe III was the 42nd President and the third youngest President of the United States of America. He is married to former Senator and current Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and their only child is Chelsea Victoria.
Clinton's administration is responsible for the initiatives and directives that helped to establish the Internet as it is today along with ICANN and the Domain Name System.
Early Life
President Bill Clinton was born in Hope, Arkansas on August 19, 1946. He was named after his father William Jefferson Blythe II, who died in a car accident before Bill was born. His mother, Virginia Cassidy Blythe, was a nurse and re-married to an automobile salesman, Roger Clinton. Bill decided to legally change his surname from Blythe to Clinton when he was a teenager. During his senior year in high school, Bill was among the students chosen to participate in the Boys Nation, a special youth leadership conference in Washington D.C., and meet President John F. Kennedy at the White House. Meeting President Kennedy was one of his most important and memorable experiences and it served as an inspiration for him to become President of the United States and serve his countrymen. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. also inspired Bill, particularly his "I Have a Dream" speech. Clinton considers Dr. King as one of his heroes.[1]
Educational Background
Bill Clinton graduated with a degree in Bachelor of Science in International Affairs at Georgetown University. He also studied Government at Oxford University in England after receiving a Rhodes Scholarship in 1968. After studying in England, he enrolled at Yale University where he earned his degree in Law in 1973.[2]
Public Service
He returned to Arkansas after graduating Law from Yale in 1973 and taught Law at Arkansas University. In 1974, Bill Clinton lost his first attempt to enter politics as a Congressman against Republican incumbent John Paul Hammerschmidt. In 1976, he became Attorney general of Arkansas. Two years later, he was elected governor and became the youngest governor in the United States. He lost his bid for his second term as governor in 1980. In 1982, he was re-elected as governor under the Democratic Party. He served as governor of Arkansas until 1993 and became chairman of the National Governor Association from 1986-1987.[3]
In 1991, Clinton was nominated as the Democratic Presidential candidate and selected Al Gore as his Vice-Presidential running mate. He defeated President George Bush and independent candidate Ross Perot during the 1992 presidential election and he became the 42nd President of the United States while Al Gore became 45th Vice-President. Clinton was known as the "New Democrat." In 1996, Clinton and Gore served their second term as President and Vice President of the United States. Clinton was the only president under the Democratic party who served a second term after Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt.[4]
As President Clinton enjoyed high approval ratings and succeeded in implementing progressive reforms such as improvement of the welfare system, strengthened environmental regulations, the establishment of the framework for global electronic commerce, created more jobs, succeeded in expanding international trade and peace initiatives in Africa, Middle East and he also promoted a framework for peace to end the conflict in Northern Ireland. Clinton left the White House with a budget surplus.[5]
Internet Policy
Framework for Global Electronic Commerce
On July 1, 1997, Pres. Clinton's Administration, through his chief policy adviser Ira Magaziner, released the Framework for Global Electronic Commerce, a working paper to support private sector involvement in the development of the Internet, a uniform legal code in the cyberspace and the use of the Internet as a global free-trade zone. Pres. Clinton specifically directed the Department of Commerce to privatize, increase the competition and promote international participation in the Domain Name System as well as his other cabinet secretaries to change their departments' internet regulations and policies if it does not coincide with the framework.[6]
The 5-Point Principle Supported by the Framework for Global Electronic Commerce include:[7]
- The private sector must lead in the development, innovation and expansion of the internet and electronic commerce
- Governments should avoid undue restrictions on electronic commerce
- The main objective of the government is to support and enforce a predictable, minimalist, consistent and simple legal environment for commerce in the event governmental involvement is needed
- The unique qualities of the Internet should be recognized by governments
- Facilitation of Electronic Commerce over the Internet should be done on a global basis
In his speech during the ceremony at the White House President Clinton stated:[8]
"If we establish an environment in which electronic commerce can grow and flourish, then every computer will be a window open to every business, large and small, everywhere in the world. In many ways, electronic commerce is like the Wild West of the global economy. Our task is to make sure that it's safe and stable terrain for those who wish to trade on it, and we must do so by working with other nations now while electronic commerce is still in its infancy."
In response to Pres. Clinton's directive, the Department of Commerce issued a Request for Comments on DNS administration on July 2, 1997. The RFC aimed to determine the appropriate future role of the U.S. government in the DNS by soliciting public input on issues relating to the overall framework of the DNS system, the creation of new top-level domains, policies for registrars, and trademark issues. The Department of Commerce received more than 430 comments.[9]
Green Paper
On January 30, 1998, Magaziner released the Green Paper, which discusses the Proposal to Improve the Technical Management of the Internet Names and Addresses. The National Telecommunications and Information Administration published the Green paper in the Federal Register for public comment and received more than 650 comments until the comment period ended on February 20, 1998.[10]
The Green Paper received strong opposition and its critics argued that the creation of NewCo or the New IANA, or any new non-profit organization would be a mere front of the government's intention to retain control of the internet. Others were concerned that the proposal would lessen the roles of ISOC and WIPO.[11]
White Paper
Due to the negative reaction to the Green Paper, Magaziner made a revision and released the White Paper, Management of the Internet Names and Addresses which include the public comments on the Green Paper and the government's official response or statement policy on the comments. It also emphasized the need for consensus among the Internet's stakeholders in the creation of a new non-profit internet corporation that will administer policies of the internet name and address system.
Establishment of ICANN
By October 1998, a decision to establish a new non-profit organization, which was to be officially called Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers was announced by NTIA. It will operate under an agreement with the NTIA with oversight from the US Congress. ICANN was officially incorporated on November 21, 1998, and it was expected to maintain competition in domain registration services, create new gTLDs, promote international participation and operate in an open and transparent manner.[12]
Clinton During the ICANN 40 Meeting
Former Pres. Clinton spoke during the 40th ICANN Meeting which was held in San Francisco on March 16, 2011. During his speech, the former president described himself as "the president at the dawn of the Internet age". It was recalled that he was instrumental in enhancing internet commerce and the creation of ICANN. When he first assumed his position as President of the United States in 1993 there were only 50 websites, it grew to 36 million in 2001 when his term as President ended.
During his speech, Clinton emphasized that ICANN succeeded in its goal of improving the internet as an independent and international governing body. He also encouraged the global internet community to use their position and technology to build physical and financial infrastructure systems for poorer nations, and address the world's most pressing problems. He emphasized the need for a renewed focus on increasing jobs in the technology sector and the geopolitical implications of free internet access and urged the participants in the meeting to keep the internet young. Furthermore, Clinton said:
"We need to ask ourselves if we are forming a more perfect union across the globe. You have to be vigilant because at some point all institutions are led by people more interested in maintaining the present than creating the future."[13]
References
- ↑ Biography of the President
- ↑ www.whitehouse.gov
- ↑ Early Political Career
- ↑ Presidency
- ↑ Domestic and International Agenda
- ↑ A New Plan for a New Digital Market
- ↑ Framework for Global Electronic Commerce
- ↑ Clinton Speech on Electronic Commerce
- ↑ www.ntia.doc.gov
- ↑ www.ntia.doc.gov
- ↑ Caslon Analytics ICANN and the UDRP
- ↑ ICANN Articles of Incorporation
- ↑ Bill Clinton Speaks at ICANN 40th Meeting